To describe anemia and iron overload characteristics of Thalassemia patients at the National Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion for the period 2020 - 2022. Subjects and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 3187 Thalassemia patients treated at the Thalassemia Center, National Institute of Hematology and Blood Transfusion, from January 2020 to March 2022. Results: The group of patients with β-thalassemia major had the lowest mean hemoglobin concentration and the highest proportion of patients with severe and very severe anemia. The difference in the mean hemoglobin concentration and the degree of anemia between the disease forms was statistically significant (p < 0.05). Most patients had moderate anemia. With increasing age, the degree of mild anemia gradually increased, while the degree of severe and very severe anemia decreased gradually. Some ethnic groups had severe and very severe anemia, such as the Dao, Thai, and Nung ethnic groups. The mean hemoglobin concentration was highest in the Red River Delta and lowest in the Northwest region. The group of patients with β-Thalassaemia major had the highest median ferritin value and the highest moderate and severe iron overload. The difference in the median ferritin value and the degree of iron overload between the disease forms (except for the pair of moderate β-Thalassaemia and β-Thalassaemia/HbE) was statistically significant (p < 0.005). Some ethnic groups had high proportion of patients with severe iron overload, such as San Diu, Dao, and Nung. The median serum ferritin value in the group of patients living in the Northeast region was the highest, the Red River Delta region was the lowest. Conclusion: β-Thalassaemia major had a high proportion of severe anemia and iron overload, concentrated mainly in some ethnic groups in the northern mountainous region.
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