Valeriana hardwickii Wall. Caprifoliaceae, “Nữ lang in Vietnamese”, are used in Vietnam as a traditional medicine with anti-convulsant, sedative, anti-fatigue, and anti-dysmenorrheal properties. This review discusses the botanical characteristics, phytochemistry, analyses, pharmacological activities, and ethnobotanical uses of Valeriana hardwickii. Terpenoids, flavonoids, iridoids and volatile oils are the major secondary metabolites. The main volatile components as valeracetat, bornyl acetate, and methyl linoleate were analyzed by GC-MS. The valepotriates (iridoid molecules) which are found exclusively in Valeriana are also identified in Valeriana hardwickii. The quantitative analyses of polyphenols were carried out by UPLC and UHPLC. Antispasmodic, antioxidant, cytotoxic, anxiolytic, and tranquilizing-like effects of Valeriana hardwickii are investigated. Based on published scientific data, this plant is an abundant source of chemical constituents and is medicinal herb potential.