The basic objective of this research is assessing the impact of the financial structure on the on business efficiency of Vietnam stock market listed companies.To accomplish the research objectives, the authors conducted a quantitative analysis through the GMM models, based on the 2-component data set with cross data and time series data which was collected from financial statements and annual reports of 418 non-financial companies listed in the period of 2012 to 2020. The results show that: (i) The financial structure by the debt ratio (TD) has a positive influence on ROA and has a nonlinear relationship (U-shaped) with ROE; (ii) The financial structure by the short-term debt ratio (STD) has a positive influence on both ROA and ROE. Based on the research results, the article has proposed some implications for improving business efficiency from the perspective of the influence of financial structure of listed companies on the stock market in Vietnam.