For some years recently, even though Vietnam is still in developing country group, with the effort of public health in general and preventive medicine in specific, there are remarkable achievements in changing the model of diseases, longevity and life quality are improved. Vaccine preventable diseases reduced continually, successful sustaining the polio eradication and neonatal tetanus elimination status. However, public health is still under challengers. Some dangerous emerging infectious diseases which have high mortality rate and wide spreading such as HIV/AIDS, SARS, avian influenza A/H5Nl etc... Other diseases such as cholera, dengue fever, rubella and hand-foot and mouth disease are also re-emerging. Outbreak risk factors can be list out as environment, weather and climate change in bad direction (global warming, drought, storm, flood, tsunami, sea water run high...); the increase of traffic, communication, international travel and globalization; high risk behavior in food safety, personal hygiene, drug injection, unsafe sex...; unhygienic in breed/cultivation; lack of clean water, lack of latrine... To improve the effectiveness of infectious disease prevention, it is needed to improve the quality of surveillance system, especially active surveillance system; implement good practice in primary health care; interdisciplinary in epidemic control and prevention; IEC to improve population knowledge in self prevention as well as coordinate with medical branch in prevention; to ensure early outbreak detection, rapid report and in time outbreak response throughout all level, especially at grassroots level.
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