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Phạm Thị Bền(1), Phạm Thị Vân, Bùi Thị Anh Phương

Ảnh hưởng của ô nhiễm không khí tới trẻ em khuyết tật: nghiên cứu tổng quan diễn ngôn

Impacts of air pollution on children with disabilities: A narrative review

Khoa học (Đại học Sư phạm Hà Nội)

2021

4AB

145-159

2354-1075

Ảnh hưởng, Ô nhiễm không khí, Trẻ em khuyết tật, Nghiên cứu tổng quan

Air pollution, children, disability, impact, narrative review

Ô nhiễm không khí là một trong những vấn đề toàn cầu có ảnh hưởng xấu đến nhiều mặt của đời sống xã hội, tới các nhóm cộng đồng dân cư khác nhau và tới hệ sinh thái của động vật và thực vật. Những ảnh hưởng của ô nhiễm không khí tới cộng đồng yếu thế trong xã hội như trẻ khuyết tật cũng được xem xét. Bài viết này mô tả những kết quả nghiên cứu về ảnh hưởng của ô nhiễm không khí tới trẻ khuyết tật được tổng hợp bằng phương pháp tổng quan diễn ngôn và phân tích nội dung từ 39 bài báo xuất bản từ 2010 đến nay. Phân tích nội dung cho thấy các nghiên cứu được thực hiện chủ yếu ở các nước phát triển, cỡ mẫu khảo sát lớn theo các độ tuổi từ lúc mang thai tới 19 tuổi theo thiết kế nghiên cứu trường diễn, lát cắt ngang và hồi cứu hồ sơ. Ô nhiễm không khí được xác định dựa vào các chỉ số của Ni-tơ đi-ô-xít, các bon đen, dạng vật chất dạng hạt mịn như PM1, PM2.5, PM10, lưu huỳnh đi-ô-xít, hi-đờ-rô các-bon thơm dạng vòng, ben zen, và ô dôn tầng bình lưu. Kết quả của các nghiên cứu cho thấy ô nhiễm không khí có ảnh hưởng tới nguy cơ cao mắc rối loạn phổ tự kỉ, tăng động giảm tập trung chú ý, khuyết tật trí tuệ, rối loạn hành vi và cảm xúc bao gồm cả hội chứng trầm cảm và loạn thần ở trẻ em. Ngoài ra, các nghiên cứu cũng chỉ ra ô nhiễm không khí còn có ảnh hưởng nghiêm trọng tới sự phát triển trí não và sức khoẻ thể chất của trẻ em như suy yếu sự phát triển thần kinh của thai nhi, mất cân bằng não sớm, viêm nhiễm, thay đổi cấu trúc não bộ của thai nhi. Việc chỉ ra mối quan hệ giữa ô nhiễm không khí với tình trạng khuyết tật của trẻ em cho thấy ô nhiễm môi trường được xem xét như một yếu tố ảnh hưởng tiêu cực tới nguyên nhân gây khuyết tật cũng như tác động tới mức độ nghiêm trọng của khuyết tật ở  trẻ em. Việc chỉ ra mối quan hệ này góp phần thúc đẩy việc bảo vệ môi trường, giảm thiểu ô nhiễm bao gồm cả ô nhiễm không khí ở phạm vi quốc gia và toàn cầu.

 on different population groups and on the ecology of animals and plants. The effects of air pollution on disadvantaged communities in society such as children with disabilities are also considered. This paper describes the research results on the effects of air pollution on children with disabilities through narrative review and content analysis from 39 articles published from 2010 to 2020. Results showed that most studies were conducted in developed countries from the large survey sample sizes in wide age ranges from from pregnancy to 19 years of age in longitudinal, cross-sectional and retrospective study designs. Air pollution is determined based on the indicators of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), black carbon (BC), fine particulate matter (PM) such as PM1, PM2.5, PM10, sulfur dioxide (SO2), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), benzene, ground-level ozone and solid biomass smoke. Results from the review showcased that air pollution has an effect on a high risk of autism spectrum disorders, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, intellectual disability, behavioral and emotional disorders including depression and psychosis. In addition, studies have also shown that air pollution has serious effects on children's brain development and physical health such as impaired fetal neural development, premature brain imbalance, inflammation, and changes in fetal brain structure. Showing the relationship between air pollution and children's disability may indicate that environmental pollution is considered as a factor that negatively affects the disability etiology and severity. Showing this relationship contributes to promoting environmental protection, reducing pollution including air pollution at national and global scale.

TTKHCNQG, CVv 157

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